Tofacitinib

Rheumatoid Arthritis
: Arthanib XR is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis who have had an inadequate response or intolerance to methotrexate. It may be used as monotherapy or in combination with methotrexate or other nonbiologic
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Rheumatoid Arthritis
: Arthanib XR is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis who have had an inadequate response or intolerance to methotrexate. It may be used as monotherapy or in combination with methotrexate or other nonbiologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs).
Psoriatic Arthritis
: Arthanib XR is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with active psoriatic arthritis who have had an inadequate response or intolerance to methotrexate or other disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs).
Ulcerative Colitis
: Arthanib XR is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis (UC).

Rheumatoid Arthritis
: Tofacitinib 5 mg twice daily or Tofacitinib 11 mg once daily. Recommended dosage in patients with moderate and severe renal impairment or moderate hepatic impairment is Tofacitinib 5 mg once daily.
Psoriatic Arthritis
(in combination with nonbiologic DMARDs): Tofacitinib 5 mg twice daily or Tofacitinib 11 mg once daily.  Recommended dosage in patients with moderate and severe renal impairment or moderate hepatic impairment is Tofacitinib 5 mg once daily.
Ulcerative Colitis
: Tofacitinib 10 mg twice daily for at least 8 weeks; then 5 or 10 mg twice daily. Discontinue after 16 weeks of 10 mg twice daily, if adequate therapeutic benefit is not achieved. Use the lowest effective dose to maintain response.

The most commonly reported adverse reactions during the first 3 months in controlled clinical trials (occurring in greater than or equal to 2% of patients treated with Arthanib XR monotherapy or in combination with DMARDs) were upper respiratory tract infections, headache, diarrhea and nasopharyngitis.

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease characterized by a dysregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL7, IL15, IL21, IL6, IFN-alpha, and IFN-beta. (3) Cytokines signalling results in tissue inflammation and joint damage by stimulating the recruitment and activation of immune cells via the janus kinase signalling pathway.
Tofacitinib is a partial and reversible janus kinase (JAK) inihibitor that will prevent the body from responding to cytokine signals. By inhibiting JAKs, tofacitinib prevents the phosphorylation and activation of STATs. The JAK-STAT signalling pathway is involved in the transcription of cells involved in hematopoiesis, and immune cell function. Tofacitinib works therapeutically by inhibiting the JAK-STAT pathway to decrease the inflammatory response. However, there is evidence to suggest that it may also achieve efficacy via other pathways as well.